May 3

Redefinition of the International Systems of Units & World Metrology Day

The Redefinition of the International System of Units on World Metrology Day—how will it affect your laboratory?

World Metrology Day, which is celebrated on May 20 every year, has a very special significance for measurement professionals in laboratories worldwide this year. On this day, we normally celebrate the anniversary of the 1875 Metre Convention in Paris, which formed the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). This was the first step toward the eventual adoption of our International System of Units (SI) by the BIPM’s member states. The United States was one of the original 17 member states of the BIPM, and it may come as a surprise to many that the US has been “metric” since the adoption of the first version of a metric system in 1889. This year on World Metrology Day, in addition to the usual celebration of the anniversary of the Metre Convention, we can also celebrate the historical overhaul of the International System of Units, an event that we are not likely to witness again any time soon.

The SI is currently based on the definition of the 7 base units: meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), candela (cd), kelvin (K) and mole (mol). But as of May 20, 2019, the new SI will instead be based on the exact definition of the numerical value of 7 natural constants, which can then be used to realize the 7 base units of the SI. It so happens that three of the existing base units, namely the second, the meter and the candela, have already been defined by constants of nature, so their definitions will not change on May 20. However, the other 4 base units will all be redefined at the same time, and that has never happened before in the history of the SI.

In the new SI, the kilogram will be defined in terms of the Planck constant, h, the kelvin in terms of the Boltzmann constant, k, the ampere in terms of the elementary charge, e, and the mole in terms of the Avogadro constant, N_A. By tying all the base units to fixed natural constants, they can now be realized independently anywhere in the world with smaller uncertainties. Due to the redefinition of the kilogram in terms of the Boltzmann constant, the platinum iridium artefact known as the International Prototype Kilogram (IPK), which has been used to define the kilogram and kept in a vault in Paris since 1889, can finally be retired. As science and technology advances, realization of the base units will likely be improved resulting in smaller and smaller uncertainties, without necessitating any further redefinition of the SI.

So what will happen to your existing calibration certificates on May 20? Will the metrological traceability of your laboratory’s reference standards still be valid? Fortunately, the answer is a definite yes. Great care was taken by the BIPM in the redefinition of the SI to ensure that measurements made with the previous definition of the base units will remain valid within their measurement uncertainties event after May 20, and that the change will have no impact on daily life. For most laboratories, there will be no need to do anything. The official recommendations provided by the Consultative Committees for the various metrological disciplines are available on the BIPM website and are summarized in the table below:

Electricity and Magnetism	No action required if your voltage related uncertainties are larger than 0.25 ppm No action required if your resistance related uncertainties are larger than 0.05 ppm Josephson Voltage Junction standards and Hall Resistance Effect standards will have to have their constants updated
Mass	NMI standards traceable to the IPK will have an increased uncertainty (about +10 µg to be added via RSS to existing uncertainties on May 20) Labs with primary standards calibrated by NMIs should be notified of an increase of the uncertainties of previously issued calibration certificates Increased uncertainties for mass, force and pressure should be amounting to no more than a few parts in 10⁸
Temperature	No change in the fixed values of the ITS-90 (but change likely in the future) No change in the assigned value of the triple point of water (TPW = 216.73 K)
Amount of substance	Due to Avogadro’s Constant (N_A) now becoming exact, the molar mass constant M_u(1 g/mol) will no longer be exact but instead have an uncertainty CCQM’s Draft mise en pratique (June 2018) puts the uncertainty of the best realization of the molar mass constant at 4.5 x 10^–10

Review of IAS accredited calibration laboratories’ uncertainties listed on their scopes of accreditation showed that none of our labs should have to take any action. So in conclusion, while there is great excitement about this in the worldwide measurement community, most of us will not be noticeably affected by the redefinition of the SI and should just sit back and enjoy the celebration of this historic event. For those of you interested in learning more about the new SI, we encourage you to explore the following websites:

https://www.bipm.org/en/measurement-units/rev-si/

https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition

https://www.ncsli.org/i/c/a/SI.aspx

Note that the NCSLI website has links to several links to videos suitable for future scientists/engineers in the making.

Happy World Metrology Day to you all from your IAS Team!